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USDA/APHIS History* Regulations,
Milestones, Poultry/Avian Diseases
By: Sandee L. Molenda* 1883
Veterinary Division established by the Commissioner of Agriculture May 29,
1884
Congress creates the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) within USDA to
eradicate contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and other
contagious animal diseases Aug. 25, 1884
Animal quarantine stations of the Treasury Department transferred 1887 Congress
gives BAI authority to purchase and destroy diseased animals Aug. 30, 1890
Congress gives BAI quarantine 1900
Lacey Act prohibits the importation of injurious animals, birds and fish 1903 Animal
import center established at Clifton, NJ;
replaces quarantine station at Garfield, NJ 1924 First
reported U.S. outbreak of fowl plague spreads to eight Eastern and Midwest
States; eradication measures are effective 1929
Fowl plague eradicated March 2, 1931 Congress passes the Animal 1935
National Poultry Improvement Plan begins with major goal of eliminating
pullorum disease July 1, 1939 In a government
reorganization, Animal Damage Control is transferred to the Fish and Wildlife
Service in the Department of Interior April 1950
First detection of exotic Newcastle disease in the United States in
chukars and pheasants Contra Costa County, CA Aug. 4, 1950
Congress authorizes the Nov. 2, 1953 In a major USDA reorganization,
the "Bureaus" (Bureau of Animal Industry, Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quarantine and Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural
Engineering) are abolished and their functions transferred to the Agricultural
Research Service 1954 National
Poultry and Turkey Improvement Plans broadened to include control of fowl
typhoid and salmonella infections 1961 Domestic
animal health research and diagnostic work consolidated at new facility in Ames,
Iowa 1962 Animal
and plant health regulatory staffs relocated from USDA South Building to
Hyattsville, Maryland July 2, 1962 Congress updates animal
quarantine laws to give the Secretary power to declare an extraordinary
emergency Aug. 24, 1966
Congress passes the Laboratory Animal May 6, 1970 Congress authorizes high-security
quarantine center for animals imported from countries with Foot & Mouth
Disease and other exotic foreign animal diseases Dec. 24, 1970 Congress amends the Laboratory
Animal Welfare Act; renames it the Animal Welfare Act Oct. 31, 1971 Animal and plant health functions
in ARS are transferred to a new agency, the Animal and Plant Health Service (APHS) November 1971
Mexican
double yellow-headed parrots from South America introduce
exotic Newcastle Disease into commercial poultry in southern California March 14, 1972 Emergency declared to combat a spreading outbreak
of exotic Newcastle disease in southern California; 45,000 square miles
quarantined, task force eventually reaches peak strength of more than 1,300
people April 2, 1972 Meat and poultry inspections
functions are transferred to APHIS and the agency is renamed as the Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Nov. 10, 1972 Extraordinary emergency declared to let
APHIS conduct the exotic Newcastle disease task force under Federal authority,
including the of sentinel chickens Dec. 28, 1973 Congress passes Endangered Jan. 14, 1974 United States ratifies the
Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) July 3, 1974 Exotic Newcastle disease
eradicated after the destruction of nearly 12 million chickens; eradication
campaign costs $56 million April 22, 1976 Animal Welfare Act amended to cover
animals in transportation and to prohibit animal fighting ventures February 1977 Serious outbreak of exotic Newcastle disease in pet
birds eradicated from 40 States and Puerto
Rico March 14, 1977 Meat and poultry inspection functions in APHIS are
transferred to the Food Safety and Quality Service, but APHIS retains its name
(the agency performs many other inspection functions) 1979 National
Poultry Improvement Plan transferred to APHIS from ARS July 20, 1979 New building at National
Veterinary Services Laboratories in Ames, Iowa, dedicated Oct. 19, 1979 Dedication of APHIS'
high-security Harry S Truman Animal Import Center (HSTAIC) at Key West, Florida Mar. 21, 1980 Official opening of New York Animal
Import Center at Newburgh, NY, which replaced the import center operating since
1903 at Clifton, NJ Dec. 22, 1981 Congress gives APHIS
extraordinary emergency authority for plant pests, an outgrowth of a
confrontation with the Governor of California over Medfly eradication measures Oct. 25, 1982
New biocontrol facility dedicated September 1983 APHIS establishes the National Animal Health Monitoring System
(NAHMS) to measure the status of U.S. animal health 1983-84
Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza eradicated from PA, VA, MD
and NJ; 17 million chickens destroyed at a cost of $65 million 1984 USDA
Beagle Brigade begins with one dog team at LAX to detect prohibited agricultural
items in the baggage of international travelers March 1984
APHIS port inspectors can levy spot fines on smugglers (based on passage
of new penalty legislation in 1983) May 29, 1984 USDA observes "100 years of 1985
APHIS adopts official logo, a Dec. 19, 1985 Animal Damage Control transferred
to APHIS from the Department of Interior Dec. 23, 1985 Animal Welfare Act amended to
provide exercise for dogs and the psychological well-being of primates used in
research 1988
National Animal Damage Control Advisory Committee established. Oct. 1, 1988 APHIS completes a major
restructuring; to the units of VS, PPQ, ADC and M&B were added BBEP, IS, LPA,
PPD, REAC, R&D and S&T March 22, 1989
USDA observes "100 years of biological 1990 National
Biological Control Institute established in APHIS to provide leadership for
biological control Oct. 25, 1990 Animal Welfare Act amended to add
regulations for random source dogs and cats based on passage of the Pet Theft
Act 1991 APHIS
starts collecting user fees for AQI (agricultural
quarantine inspection) services 1992
Congress passes Wild Bird Conservation Act, prohibits importation of
wild-caught birds, gives jurisdiction to U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service April 1993
APHIS simplifies its biotechnology March 15, 1995 10th anniversary of Beagle Brigade celebrated
with ceremonies at USDA Patio; 30 dog teams operate at 19 international airports June 28, 1995 APHIS announces its "Home
Page" on the Internet's World Wide Web Aug 1995
USDA Allows Veterinarians Up to 30 Days to Issue Animal Health Documents Sept. 13, 1995 New APHIS headquarters Nov. 1995
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service will assist efforts by the
poultry industry, state departments of agriculture and academia
in researching spiking mortality of turkeys (SMT) Feb. 1996
APHIS Press Releases Now Available Feb. 1996
Pet theft, inhumane treatment, and the improper care and breeding of
animals are receiving added attention from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Aug. 1996
USDA proposes lifting requirements for veterinary inspection for all pet
birds imported from Canada. The proposal would also allow pet birds imported
from countries other than Canada to be maintained under home quarantine for 30
days. In addition, the rule would allow microchip implants as a form of
permanent identification of U.S. pet birds. Aug. 2, 1996
Newcastle virus discovered Sept. 1996
USDA Solicits Public Comment on Dec. 27, 1996
USDA proposal to declare Costa Rica free of exotic Newcastle disease Feb. 1997
USDA regulates retail dealers who sell Feb. 7, 1997
USDA restricts importation of live birds, poultry, and poultry products
into the United States from Great Britain because of exotic Newcastle disease March 1997
USDA Seeks Comments on April 18, 1997
USDA bans importation of live birds and poultry from Norway and Northern
Ireland because of recent outbreaks of exotic Newcastle disease in chicken
flocks May 21, 1997
USDA declares Costa Rica free of May 21, 1997
APHIS announces Hawaii May, 1997
Outbreak of exotic Newcastle disease in comorants at Salton Sea, CA July 24, 1997
USDA seeks information practices for handling and training potentially
dangerous exotic or wild animals used in exhibition that are covered by the Animal Welfare Act. July 29, 1997 APHIS provides press releases Aug. 22, 1997
USDA amends National Poultry Aug. 26, 1997 USDA announces lottery use of the Harry S Truman Animal Import Center in
the calendar year 1998 Sept. 22, 1997
USDA extends comment period for information concerning currently used
practices for handling and training potentially dangerous exotic or wild animals
used in exhibition that are covered by the Animal Welfare Act Nov. 14, 1997
USDA extends comment period for information concerning currently used
practices for handling and training potentially dangerous exotic or wild animals
used in exhibition that are covered by the Animal Welfare Act March 3, 1998
USDA amends AWA pertaining to climatic conditions for animals protected
under the law May 1998
USDA's Advisory Committee on Foreign Animal and Poultry Diseases meeting May 1998 APHIS Animal Care holds Jun 1998
USDA reports outbreak of exotic Newcastle disease in game birds in
Fresno, CA July 10, 1998
USDA declares exotic Newcastle disease outbreak in Fresno, CA eradicated Aug. 18, 1998
USDA declares Great Britain free of Oct 2, 1998
All quarantine lifted in exotic Newcastle disease outbreak in Fresno, CA Oct. 8, 1998
APHIS will conduct a test of its Regional Emergency Animal Disease
Eradication Organization (READEO) system Nov. 18, 1998
USDA closes Harry S Truman Animal Import Center in Key West, FL Dec. 10, 1998
USDA proposes to allow, under certain conditions, the importation of
poultry carcasses and parts or products of poultry carcasses from regions where
exotic Newcastle disease is considered to exist Jan. 5, 1999
APHIS announces public meeting of the General Conference Committee of the
National Poultry Improvement Plan Jan. 22, 1999
USDA establishes a program under which non-government facilities could
become accredited to perform specific laboratory testing or phytosanitary
inspection services Jan. 27, 1999
USDA seeks comment on a petition rulemaking that requests USDA to amend
the definition of animal in the Animal Welfare Act regulations to include rats
and mice bred for laboratory research and birds March 4, 1999 USDA extends comment period that requests AWA regulations be amended to
include rats and mice bred for laboratory research and birds May 27, 1999 USDA proposes change to the Animal Welfare Act so animals
confiscated by USDA can be placed with people and facilities not currently
licensed under AWA June 4, 1999 USDA allows importation of poultry meat and other poultry products from
Mexico under new, less restrictive conditions. July 16, 1999
USDA will allow, under certain conditions, importation of poultry
carcasses and parts or products of poultry carcasses processed in regions where
exotic Newcastle disease is considered to exist Oct. 1999 USDA issues statement against smuggled birds confirming confiscation of birds with exotic Newcastle disease Dec. 9, 1999
USDA developing emergency plan for Feb. 7, 2000
USDA proposes allowing poultry carcasses, parts, and other products not
otherwise allowed in the United States from regions that Mexico has declared
free of exotic Newcastle disease to transit the United States en route to other
countries April 14, 2000
USDA proposes amending animal export regulations to allow origin health
certificates issued for livestock intended for export from the United States to
be valid for longer than 30 days in some cases, based on the requirements of the
country of destination July 10, 2000
USDA considers modifying the system used to classify animal pain and
distress for animals used for research, tests, experiments, or teaching. USDA is
also considering creating an Animal Welfare Act definition for the word
"distress." July 18, 2000
USDA recommends precautions to protect pets from West Nile virus August 18,
2000 USDA
extends comment period on its consideration to modify system for classifying
animal pain and distress for animals used for research, tests, experiments, or
teaching. USDA is also considering adding a definition for the word
"distress" in its Animal Welfare Act regulations. Aug. 18, 2000
USDA amends regulations to allow poultry carcasses, parts, and other
products from regions Mexico has declared free of exotic Newcastle disease to
transit the United States en route to other countries Nov. 22, 2000
USDA announced agreement with the National Association of State
Departments of Agriculture to cooperate in a nationwide animal health
safeguarding review April 27, 2001
USDA establishes grant program for the National Animal Health Emergency
Management System July 20, 2001
USDA seeks comments on a proposed change that would provide new or
modified sampling and testing procedures for participants in the National
Poultry Improvement Plan Aug. 1, 2001
USDA issues a conditional license to Fort Dodge Laboratories, Inc., of
Fort Dodge, Iowa, a division of American Home Products, Inc. for a vaccine
intended to aid in the prevention of disease in horses caused by West Nile virus Dec. 4, 2001
USDA announced the appointment of 18 people with a broad knowledge of
agriculture, livestock, and veterinary medical issues to serve on the Foreign
Animal and Poultry Diseases Advisory Committee Jan. 14, 2002 APHIS allows the use of microchip implants as an acceptable form of identification for pet birds of U.S. origin returning to this country after traveling outside of the United States. The regulations currently provide for the use of leg bands or tattoos to identify such birds. March 15, 2002
USDA amends regulations pertaining to animal exports and the standards
for accredited veterinarians to allow origin health certificates for animals
intended for export from the United States to be valid for more than 30 days in
some cases, depending on the testing
requirements of the country of destination. Aug. 6, 2002 APHIS will provide $69.2 million to Virginia contract growers and owners
for poultry destroyed because of low pathogenic avian influenza Oct. 4, 2002
Exotic Newcastle disease discovered in game birds in Southern California Oct. 22, 2002
APHIS proposes declaring the Mexican states of Campeche, Quintana Roo and
Yucatan free of exotic Newcastle disease. Nov. 22, 2002
APHIS announces new Internet home Nov. 25, 2002
USDA announces it is amending its exotic Newcastle disease regulations by
quarantining Los Angeles County, and portions of Riverside and San Bernardino
counties, CA Dec. 2002
Exotic Newcastle discovered in first commercial egg farm, San Diego
County added to quarantine area Jan. 2003
USDA issues moratorium on shipping any birds out of CA due to outbreak of
exotic Newcastle disease Jan. 16, 2003
Outbreak of exotic Newcastle disease in NV - USDA defines event as a
single point source outbreak affecting multiple premises Feb. 4, 2003 Outbreak of exotic Newcastle disease in AZ - USDA defines event as a single point source outbreak affecting multiple premises *Statistics from USDA, APHIS, OIE, USAHA, ISID |
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